8+ Ways: How Many TikTok Followers to Get Paid (2024)


8+ Ways: How Many TikTok Followers to Get Paid (2024)

The question pertains to the brink of viewers dimension on the TikTok platform required to generate financial compensation. For instance, a content material creator might inquire concerning the minimal variety of people who should subscribe to their channel earlier than they turn into eligible to obtain cost instantly from TikTok or via related monetization applications.

Understanding viewers dimension necessities is essential for aspiring social media influencers. It supplies a tangible objective for content material creation methods and helps people gauge their progress towards potential income technology. Traditionally, these thresholds have developed as platforms alter their monetization insurance policies and algorithms, emphasizing the necessity for present and correct data.

This evaluation will delve into the particular standards and pathways obtainable for content material creators searching for to monetize their TikTok presence, together with the Creator Fund, model partnerships, and different income-generating alternatives that relate to viewers dimension.

1. Minimal follower threshold

The minimal follower threshold represents a elementary prerequisite for content material creators aspiring to monetize their presence on TikTok. It acts as an preliminary gatekeeper, defining eligibility for numerous income-generating avenues. The impact of not assembly this minimal is a whole exclusion from direct monetization applications supplied by TikTok itself. For instance, the TikTok Creator Fund, a direct cost system, sometimes requires a creator to have at the least 10,000 followers. With out this threshold, a creator, whatever the enchantment of their content material, stays ineligible for direct monetary compensation from this particular supply. Due to this fact, attaining the minimal follower threshold serves as a essential, though not ample, situation for monetary achieve on the platform.

The significance of this threshold extends past the Creator Fund. Many manufacturers, when contemplating partnerships with influencers, use follower rely as a major screening criterion. A bigger follower base is usually perceived as indicative of wider attain and affect, making creators with substantial followings extra enticing for promoting campaigns. The sensible significance is obvious within the methods creators make use of to quickly develop their viewers. These embody constant content material creation, engagement with different customers, and strategic collaborations, all aimed toward surpassing the minimal follower requirement and opening the door to potential income streams. An actual-world instance entails creators meticulously monitoring their follower progress, adjusting their content material technique based mostly on viewers response, and investing in promotional actions to attain the important mass essential for monetization.

In abstract, the minimal follower threshold features as a important entry level into TikTok’s monetization ecosystem. Whereas a excessive follower rely doesn’t assure substantial revenue, failing to fulfill the minimal disqualifies creators from accessing key revenue-generating alternatives, together with direct funds from TikTok and model partnerships. Understanding this threshold is paramount for creators, guiding their efforts to construct a viable platform for potential monetary reward. The first problem lies in not solely reaching this quantity but in addition sustaining a constant degree of engagement and content material high quality to draw sustainable monetization alternatives.

2. Engagement fee relevance

Engagement fee, measured because the proportion of followers who actively work together with content material via likes, feedback, and shares, holds vital relevance to potential earnings on TikTok. Whereas a excessive follower rely might initially entice model curiosity, the engagement fee serves as a extra correct indicator of a creator’s real affect and skill to attach with an viewers. Manufacturers prioritize creators with excessive engagement as a result of it suggests a higher probability of their promotional messages resonating with potential clients. For instance, a creator with 50,000 followers and a persistently excessive engagement fee of 5% could also be favored over a creator with 100,000 followers and a 1% engagement fee, despite the fact that the latter has double the followers. The formers content material is demonstrably simpler at producing curiosity and driving interplay, which instantly interprets into worth for the model.

The sensible significance of engagement fee is obvious within the negotiation course of for model partnerships. A creator can leverage a robust engagement fee to command larger compensation for sponsored content material. It is because manufacturers are keen to pay a premium for entry to an viewers that’s demonstrably responsive and receptive to their messaging. Moreover, TikTok’s algorithm typically favors content material with excessive engagement, leading to wider natural attain. This expanded attain additional enhances a creator’s worth proposition to manufacturers, making a constructive suggestions loop the place excessive engagement results in extra alternatives and better incomes potential. An instance may very well be a smaller magnificence creator with a hyper-engaged area of interest viewers who will get a profitable contract with a specialised skincare firm attributable to her audiences propensity to buy the merchandise she recommends.

In abstract, whereas a considerable follower rely establishes a basis for potential revenue on TikTok, engagement fee is the important determinant of a creator’s true market worth and incomes potential. Excessive engagement signifies a real reference to the viewers and a higher capability to affect their habits, making it a extremely sought-after attribute for model partnerships and a key driver of natural attain. Due to this fact, creators ought to prioritize fostering significant interactions with their followers over merely accumulating a big however passive viewers. The problem resides in growing and sustaining content material methods that persistently generate excessive ranges of engagement in a continually evolving content material panorama.

3. Creator Fund eligibility

Creator Fund eligibility instantly influences the potential for TikTok content material creators to obtain financial compensation from the platform. Assembly particular standards, together with a minimal follower rely, is paramount to accessing this income stream. TikTok’s determination to implement minimal follower necessities stems from a need to reward creators who’ve demonstrably established a major presence and engagement throughout the neighborhood. As an example, if the Creator Fund requires 10,000 followers, a creator with 9,999 followers, no matter content material high quality or views, stays ineligible. This demonstrates a transparent causal relationship: assembly the follower threshold is a prerequisite for Creator Fund participation and subsequent cost alternatives. The relative significance of the Creator Fund throughout the broader context of monetization methods is debated, nevertheless it stays a direct technique, contrasting with oblique means like model sponsorships.

The sensible significance of understanding Creator Fund eligibility lies in its influence on content material creation methods. Understanding the particular follower necessities prompts creators to actively pursue viewers progress via constant content material creation, engagement with different customers, and participation in platform developments. An instance is a creator who initially focuses on area of interest content material with restricted enchantment however subsequently broadens their content material to draw a bigger viewers and surpass the follower threshold. Moreover, eligibility permits creators to plan their monetary technique. As soon as the follower standards, together with different necessities like age and content material originality, are met, creators can anticipate potential earnings from the fund. These funds might be reinvested again into content material, enhancing manufacturing high quality.

In abstract, Creator Fund eligibility and follower rely are inextricably linked. Assembly the minimal follower requirement represents a key consider having access to direct financial compensation from TikTok. Understanding and actively pursuing Creator Fund eligibility can affect content material creation methods and supply a tangible pathway to producing revenue on the platform. The problem stays that Creator Fund payouts aren’t all the time predictable, however assembly eligibility necessities opens the door to potential earnings, whereas concurrently incentivizing viewers progress and engagement.

4. Model partnership potential

Model partnership potential is considerably influenced by the perceived attain and affect a TikTok creator possesses. The viewers dimension, typically measured by follower rely, serves as a major indicator for manufacturers searching for to collaborate with content material creators for advertising and marketing and promotional actions.

  • Follower Depend as a Screening Criterion

    Manufacturers steadily use follower rely as an preliminary screening criterion when figuring out potential companions. The next follower rely suggests a broader viewers attain, which aligns with manufacturers’ targets to maximise publicity. For instance, an organization launching a brand new product may prioritize partnering with creators who’ve lots of of hundreds or hundreds of thousands of followers, assuming they’ll attain a bigger phase of the goal demographic. This preliminary evaluation is usually adopted by a extra in-depth evaluation of engagement metrics and viewers demographics. It is because a lot of followers would not assure engagement. If a TikTok consumer has 1 million followers, however solely will get 500 likes on their movies, then the worth of the follower rely can be ineffective.

  • Viewers Demographics and Alignment

    Past sheer numbers, manufacturers scrutinize the demographic composition of a creator’s viewers to make sure alignment with their goal market. A creator with a smaller however extremely related viewers could also be extra enticing than one with a bigger however much less focused following. As an example, a luxurious skincare model may prioritize a creator with 50,000 followers who’re primarily prosperous girls aged 30-50 over a creator with 200,000 followers whose viewers is predominantly youngsters. It is because the model would maximize advertising and marketing efforts with a related viewers. This alignment enhances the effectiveness of sponsored content material and will increase the probability of driving gross sales or model consciousness.

  • Engagement Price and Influencer Authority

    The engagement fee, reflecting the extent of interplay (likes, feedback, shares) from followers, is an important consider assessing model partnership potential. A excessive engagement fee signifies {that a} creator’s viewers is actively all in favour of their content material and receptive to their suggestions. Manufacturers typically view creators with excessive engagement as having higher influencer authority, making them simpler at driving shopper habits. Engagement and authority are carefully tied. A TikTok consumer can have authority as an issue skilled, which drives engagement. For instance, a monetary influencer can provide sound monetary recommendation which will increase engagement.

  • Content material High quality and Model Security

    Manufacturers consider the general high quality and appropriateness of a creator’s content material to make sure it aligns with their model values and avoids any potential for detrimental associations. Creators who persistently produce high-quality, unique content material that resonates with their viewers usually tend to entice model partnerships. Furthermore, manufacturers are more and more involved with model security, avoiding partnerships with creators who interact in controversial or offensive habits that would injury their repute. For this reason content material creators want to pay attention to their content material, even when it’s produced organically.

In conclusion, whereas follower rely serves as an preliminary indicator of brand name partnership potential on TikTok, manufacturers conduct a extra nuanced evaluation that considers viewers demographics, engagement fee, content material high quality, and model security. These elements collectively decide a creator’s capacity to successfully affect shopper habits and ship worth for the model, in the end impacting the compensation a creator can command. Due to this fact, focusing solely on follower rely with out consideration to those different components might restrict a creator’s alternatives for profitable model partnerships.

5. Content material high quality affect

Content material high quality serves as a pivotal determinant in attracting and retaining a considerable viewers on TikTok, in the end influencing a creator’s capacity to monetize their presence. Whereas attaining a minimal follower rely is a prerequisite for a lot of monetization avenues, the standard of content material dictates the sustainability and progress of that viewers, thereby impacting long-term incomes potential.

  • Originality and Uniqueness

    Authentic content material, characterised by novel concepts and distinctive views, attracts viewers searching for contemporary and interesting experiences. Replicating current developments with out including a definite artistic component typically yields diminishing returns in viewers progress. A creator who persistently produces unique content material is extra prone to stand out from the saturated TikTok panorama, attracting new followers and fostering a loyal neighborhood. This uniqueness is a compelling draw for manufacturers searching for genuine collaborations.

  • Manufacturing Worth and Presentation

    Excessive manufacturing worth, encompassing components like clear audio, visually interesting aesthetics, and skillful modifying, enhances the general viewing expertise. Poorly produced content material, no matter its conceptual benefit, can deter potential followers and diminish engagement. Investing in acceptable tools and mastering modifying strategies contributes to an expert presentation that resonates with viewers accustomed to high-quality content material. A sophisticated presentation of content material interprets instantly into viewer retention and constructive platform notion.

  • Relevance and Viewers Resonance

    Content material that aligns with the pursuits and preferences of the audience demonstrates an understanding of their wants and needs. Understanding and catering to the audience are essential for monetization functions. Whereas a creator might amass a big following, they’re extra marketable when they’re an issue skilled. Compared to the sweetness area of interest, finance creators could be extra worthwhile, since they’ll educate their followers.

  • Consistency and Posting Schedule

    A constant posting schedule fosters predictability and anticipation amongst followers. Sporadic or rare uploads can result in viewers attrition, as viewers might lose curiosity or overlook concerning the creator. Sustaining an everyday publishing rhythm ensures a gentle stream of content material that retains followers engaged and attracts new viewers. An algorithm is impacted when consistency is upheld.

In conclusion, whereas a minimal follower rely might unlock preliminary monetization alternatives on TikTok, the standard of content material in the end determines the sustainability of viewers progress and the potential for long-term earnings. Creators who prioritize originality, manufacturing worth, relevance, and consistency usually tend to entice and retain a loyal following, thereby enhancing their enchantment to manufacturers and maximizing their income potential. These parts perform synergistically to raise a creator’s profile and rework their TikTok presence from a interest to a viable revenue supply. Excessive-quality content material drives followers and monetization.

6. Geographic location impact

The geographic location of a TikTok creator exerts a major affect on monetization potential, affecting each the alternatives obtainable and the relative worth of viewers dimension. Whereas the minimal follower threshold stays a important issue, the creator’s geographic location impacts model partnership availability, Creator Fund eligibility, and general market worth.

  • Creator Fund Availability and Payout Charges

    Creator Fund eligibility is restricted to particular nations. A creator exceeding follower thresholds in a non-eligible nation receives no direct compensation from the Fund, no matter content material high quality or engagement. Even inside eligible nations, payout charges range considerably based mostly on elements like native promoting income and financial situations. A creator in america may obtain a better cost per view in comparison with a creator in Southeast Asia, illustrating the tangible impact of location on direct monetization.

  • Model Partnership Alternatives and Market Worth

    The supply of brand name partnership alternatives is closely influenced by the creator’s geographic location. Creators in areas with well-developed advertising and marketing industries and quite a few manufacturers concentrating on native audiences typically have extra alternatives for sponsored content material. Moreover, the market worth of a creator’s affect varies by area. A creator with 50,000 followers in a significant metropolitan space in North America might command larger charges for model partnerships than a creator with the identical follower rely in a smaller, much less economically vibrant market.

  • Viewers Demographics and Income Potential

    The geographic distribution of a creator’s viewers impacts their general income potential. An viewers primarily situated in prosperous nations typically interprets to larger promoting income and elevated conversion charges for sponsored content material. This is because of elements like larger disposable revenue and higher entry to e-commerce. Due to this fact, a creator with a geographically numerous viewers concentrated in high-income areas might generate extra income in comparison with a creator with an analogous follower rely however an viewers primarily situated in low-income areas.

  • Content material Localization and Regional Attraction

    Content material that resonates with a particular geographic area can considerably influence viewers progress and engagement. Creators who tailor their content material to replicate native tradition, language, and developments typically expertise larger ranges of engagement inside that area. This localization technique can entice a bigger regional viewers, growing general follower rely and enhancing model partnership alternatives inside that geographic space. Nevertheless, it might additionally restrict the creator’s enchantment to audiences in different areas, influencing the general composition of their follower base.

In abstract, the geographic location of a TikTok creator represents an important issue influencing monetization potential, impacting Creator Fund eligibility, model partnership alternatives, viewers demographics, and content material localization methods. Whereas attaining a minimal follower threshold stays important, understanding the nuanced results of geographic location is essential for optimizing income technology and maximizing the worth of a creator’s TikTok presence. The interaction of world attain and native relevance presents each challenges and alternatives for creators navigating the platform’s advanced monetization ecosystem.

7. Different income streams

Past direct monetization applications just like the Creator Fund, various income streams supply avenues for TikTok content material creators to generate revenue, typically with various dependencies on follower rely. These streams can complement earnings from the platform itself or, in some circumstances, present a extra substantial and dependable revenue supply.

  • Affiliate Advertising

    Internet affiliate marketing entails selling services or products and incomes a fee on gross sales generated via distinctive referral hyperlinks. Whereas a big follower rely can amplify attain, success in affiliate marketing online relies upon extra on viewers belief and relevance. A creator with a smaller however extremely engaged viewers inside a particular area of interest might generate larger affiliate income than a creator with a bigger however much less focused following. As an example, a health influencer with 10,000 followers intensely all in favour of exercise dietary supplements may generate extra affiliate revenue than a basic curiosity creator with 100,000 followers. The commissionable income relies on belief. The significance of belief is predicated on a suggestion for an excellent or service. If the merchandise just isn’t passable, the creator could also be much less trusted.

  • Merchandise Gross sales

    Promoting branded merchandise, akin to clothes, equipment, or digital merchandise, supplies a direct monetization path. The viability of merchandise gross sales relies on model recognition and viewers loyalty. A powerful model identification, cultivated via constant content material and viewers engagement, can drive merchandise gross sales even with a comparatively modest follower rely. For instance, a creator recognized for a particular catchphrase or visible fashion can leverage that recognition to promote branded merchandise that resonates with their viewers. Whereas a big follower base will increase the potential buyer pool, the power of the model connection is paramount.

  • Reside Gifting

    TikTok’s stay gifting function permits viewers to ship digital presents to creators throughout stay streams, which may then be transformed into money. Incomes potential via stay gifting relies on viewers engagement and the perceived worth of the creator’s stay content material. Whereas a bigger follower rely will increase the potential variety of viewers, the flexibility to foster a way of neighborhood and supply entertaining or informative stay content material is essential for producing vital reward income. Creators who actively work together with their viewers, supply unique content material, or present a novel viewing expertise usually tend to obtain presents.

  • Direct Sponsorships and Model Offers (Outdoors of TikTok)

    Securing direct sponsorships and model offers unbiased of TikTok’s inside market permits creators to barter their very own phrases and doubtlessly earn larger compensation. The power to draw these exterior sponsorships relies on a creator’s general model picture, viewers demographics, and demonstrated capacity to drive outcomes for earlier companions. Knowledgeable media equipment showcasing engagement metrics, viewers insights, and previous collaborations might be instrumental in attracting these alternatives. Whereas a considerable follower rely is usually a prerequisite, manufacturers additionally prioritize creators who align with their values and might successfully attain their goal market.

In abstract, various income streams supply numerous monetization alternatives for TikTok creators, typically with much less inflexible dependencies on follower rely in comparison with applications just like the Creator Fund. Success in these areas hinges on elements akin to viewers engagement, model constructing, content material high quality, and relevance to particular niches. Whereas a big follower base can present a broader attain, cultivating a loyal and engaged viewers is paramount for maximizing earnings from these various sources. This supplies diversification of revenue for content material creators and might permit for higher revenue stability.

8. Coverage compliance significance

The connection between adherence to TikTok’s neighborhood tips and the flexibility to generate income is direct and consequential. TikTok’s monetization options, together with the Creator Fund and model partnerships facilitated via its platform, are contingent upon creators sustaining content material that aligns with established insurance policies. Infractions, akin to posting content material that violates mental property rights, promotes violence, or disseminates misinformation, can result in penalties starting from content material removing to account suspension or everlasting banishment. Consequently, a creator, no matter their follower rely, dangers dropping entry to monetization alternatives if content material coverage compliance just isn’t prioritized. As an example, a creator with one million followers discovered to be persistently sharing copyrighted materials would doubtless face account suspension, successfully negating their incomes potential, no matter their viewers dimension. This direct cause-and-effect relationship underscores the importance of understanding and adhering to TikTok’s neighborhood tips.

The sensible utility of coverage compliance extends past avoiding direct penalties. Creators who persistently adhere to TikTok’s tips domesticate a repute for professionalism and trustworthiness. This constructive picture can improve their enchantment to manufacturers searching for partnerships, as manufacturers prioritize associating with creators whose content material aligns with their values and poses minimal threat of reputational injury. For instance, a monetary establishment may select to companion with a finance influencer who persistently supplies correct and unbiased data, whereas avoiding creators who promote speculative investments or interact in deceptive promoting practices. Moreover, compliant content material is extra prone to be favored by TikTok’s algorithm, leading to elevated visibility and natural attain. This expanded attain additional enhances the creator’s worth proposition to manufacturers and will increase alternatives for monetization.

In abstract, coverage compliance just isn’t merely a peripheral concern however a elementary element of sustainable monetization on TikTok. Whereas follower rely establishes a baseline for incomes potential, constant adherence to neighborhood tips is important for sustaining entry to monetization options, cultivating a constructive model picture, and maximizing natural attain. The problem lies in staying abreast of TikTok’s evolving insurance policies and making certain that every one content material, together with consumer interactions, aligns with these requirements. Failing to prioritize coverage compliance can negate the advantages of a big follower rely and undermine a creator’s long-term incomes potential.

Regularly Requested Questions

The next addresses frequent inquiries concerning the variety of TikTok followers essential to generate revenue on the platform. It clarifies the connection between follower rely, eligibility standards, and income technology.

Query 1: What’s the absolute minimal variety of TikTok followers required to start incomes cash?

Whereas particular thresholds range relying on the monetization technique, the TikTok Creator Fund typically requires a minimal of 10,000 followers to be eligible for direct funds. Model partnerships might happen with fewer followers, though the compensation will probably be considerably decrease.

Query 2: Does merely having a excessive follower rely assure revenue on TikTok?

No. Whereas a considerable follower rely opens doorways to monetization, it doesn’t assure income. Engagement fee, content material high quality, viewers demographics, and adherence to TikTok’s insurance policies are equally necessary elements.

Query 3: How does engagement fee influence incomes potential in comparison with follower rely?

Engagement fee, measured by likes, feedback, and shares, displays viewers interplay and is usually prioritized by manufacturers. A excessive engagement fee with fewer followers might be extra worthwhile than a big however inactive viewers.

Query 4: Is the TikTok Creator Fund the one technique to receives a commission on TikTok?

No. Different income streams embody model partnerships, affiliate marketing online, merchandise gross sales, and stay gifting. These choices might supply higher flexibility and incomes potential than the Creator Fund alone.

Query 5: Does geographic location have an effect on monetization alternatives?

Sure. Creator Fund availability, model partnership alternatives, and advert income charges range considerably by nation. Creators in areas with strong advertising and marketing industries typically have extra monetization alternatives.

Query 6: What occurs if a TikTok creator violates neighborhood tips after reaching the follower threshold?

Violations of TikTok’s neighborhood tips can lead to penalties starting from content material removing to account suspension or everlasting banishment, no matter follower rely. This may remove entry to monetization options.

In abstract, attaining a minimal follower rely is a essential however not ample situation for producing revenue on TikTok. A holistic method encompassing high-quality content material, viewers engagement, coverage compliance, and strategic monetization strategies is important for fulfillment.

This concludes the steadily requested questions concerning follower necessities for TikTok monetization. Subsequent sections will discover methods for viewers progress and engagement.

Suggestions for TikTok Monetization

The next supplies actionable steerage for TikTok creators searching for to optimize their content material and viewers engagement to attain monetization targets. The following tips emphasize strategic approaches to progress and sustained success.

Tip 1: Establish and Goal a Area of interest Viewers: Outline a particular content material space to draw a devoted following. As an example, a creator specializing in classic vogue will draw a extra engaged viewers than one posting basic life-style content material. This focused method improves the probability of upper engagement charges and model alignment.

Tip 2: Optimize Content material for the “For You” Web page (FYP): Perceive the TikTok algorithm and create content material designed to look on the FYP. Use trending sounds, related hashtags, and visually interesting aesthetics to extend discoverability. Monitor analytics to establish patterns in profitable content material and adapt accordingly.

Tip 3: Interact Actively with Followers and the Neighborhood: Reply to feedback, take part in duets and stitches, and collaborate with different creators within the area of interest. Energetic engagement fosters a way of neighborhood and encourages followers to work together extra steadily with content material. The stronger neighborhood is simpler to monetize.

Tip 4: Preserve a Constant Posting Schedule: Set up an everyday publishing rhythm to maintain followers engaged and entice new viewers. Consistency indicators reliability to the algorithm and cultivates anticipation among the many viewers. The schedule improves consciousness.

Tip 5: Prioritize Excessive-High quality Manufacturing Worth: Put money into good lighting, clear audio, and skillful modifying to boost the viewing expertise. Excessive-quality manufacturing demonstrates professionalism and will increase the probability of viewers returning for extra content material. This high quality drives retention.

Tip 6: Leverage TikTok Analytics: Persistently analyze TikTok’s built-in analytics instruments to grasp viewers demographics, content material efficiency, and engagement patterns. Use these insights to refine content material technique and optimize posting occasions.

Tip 7: Discover Collaboration Alternatives: Companion with different creators, no matter follower rely, to cross-promote content material and attain new audiences. Collaborations introduce content material to a wider community and might result in vital follower progress.

Tip 8: Promote TikTok Content material on Different Social Media Platforms: Enhance attain by cross-promoting TikTok movies on different social media platforms akin to Instagram, YouTube, and Twitter. This drives site visitors to the TikTok profile and will increase visibility.

Implementing the following pointers supplies a strong basis for viewers progress and engagement, that are very important for monetization. Do not forget that constant effort and adaptation are important for sustained success on TikTok.

The following part will present a abstract of the important thing takeaways concerning the follower rely and monetization on TikTok.

How Many TikTok Followers to Get Paid

This exploration of “what number of tiktok followers to receives a commission” reveals that whereas attaining a particular follower threshold is a foundational requirement for numerous TikTok monetization strategies, it isn’t the singular determinant of economic success. Engagement fee, content material high quality, viewers demographics, geographic location, and adherence to platform insurance policies collectively dictate a creator’s incomes potential. Assembly the minimal follower rely unlocks alternatives, however sustainable income technology relies on a holistic method to content material creation and viewers administration.

Aspiring TikTok content material creators should acknowledge that follower rely serves as an entry level, not a assure. Success hinges on cultivating a loyal and engaged viewers, producing high-quality content material that resonates with a particular area of interest, and strategically diversifying income streams. Due to this fact, give attention to constructing a robust neighborhood and offering worth, quite than solely fixating on numerical milestones. Sustained effort and a dedication to excellence stay important parts of long-term success on the platform.